Abstract
Domestic work has gendered meaning and content of both masculinity and femininity is strongly embedded in the cultural context. In our article, across three studies we analyse the perception of household duties and their division between partners in two countries differing with regard to gender equality levels: Norway and Poland. In our Study 1, Polish (N = 64, 40 women, Mmany Latin Feels-linkki years = ) and Norwegian (N = 45, 27 women, Mage = ) students rated the typicality of domestic duties for women and men in Poland and in Norway. Our results show that feminine-typed or masculine-typed household duties are perceived as less gendered in Norway than in Poland. In the second Study, using a sample consisting of students and internet users from Poland (N = 207, 92 women, Mage = ) and Norway (N = 126, 85 women, Mage = (SD = ), we investigated whether there are Polish-Norwegian differences with regard to willingness to be more involved in household obligations. Overall, Norwegian men and women were more willing to perform household tasks. This result also found confirmation in results obtained with larger representative samples in Study 3. Using European Social Survey records of 889 Poles (429 women, Mage = ) and 990 Norwegians (452 women, Mage = ) we compared data concerning men’s and women’s perception of their and their partners’ contribution to housework. Our results show that cultural context can relate to the perception of household duties that are perceived more gender-neutral in Norway than in Poland.
Introduction
Dudes across the cultures is actually under some pressure so you can comply with norms such given that agency, prominence, search for highest social standing, and above all avoidance out of womanliness (Berent mais aussi al. 2015; Mahalik mais aussi al. 2003). Which are a part of domestic job is not considered a beneficial man’s job however, good female’s work, and therefore guys shouldn’t participate in (Poortman and Van der Lippe 2009; Bosson and you will Vandello 2013). The brand new the total amount to which cleaning are just as split anywhere between female and guys utilizes the amount of gender equality during the confirmed nation. In the nations having highest levels of gender equivalence, anyone manage more similar jobs in the area and it is usual for men getting focused on residential performs compared to regions with lower gender equivalence (Glick & Fiske, 2001; Timber and you can Eagly 2012). Because posited because of the biosocial structure design, cultural thinking from the gender spots keep in touch with mans observations of your factors of women and you will men in their society, for this reason in the event that people observe female handling children and you may starting home errands then they think women can be much more ideal for doing residential work than simply dudes (Eagly and you can Steffen 1984; Wood and you may Eagly 2012). This type of gender part inferences, consequently, provide sex-differentiated choices that’s together with manifested for the ladies and you can men’s readiness and you may responsibility as working in home-based functions – medical findings usually show that no matter what gender equality quantities of the nation, really family bargaining turns out with feminine are significantly more responsible for cleaning (Coltrane 2000; Ehrenberg et al. 2001; Fuwa 2004).
Discrepancy between men’s and you may ladies share during the house tasks constitutes an effective visible gender gap in the friends. Which pit is particularly apparent whenever tasks are categorized into the masculine-authored and you can feminine-typed cleaning (Schneider 2012). Centered on Tai and Treas (2013), discover almost universal office away from chores for the masculine-wrote (lawn works, slight solutions) and you can women-typed works (age.g. washing, clean, unwell proper care) predicated on investigation off thirty two places. Aforementioned group of responsibilities include tasks, being firmly precluded by dudes (Treas and you may Tai 2010), because they tends to be seen as day-sipping and you can dull, contrary to masculine-authored tasks such family fix, auto fix, yard really works which might be thought a whole lot more relaxation and you will episodic (Bianchi mais aussi al. 2006). Aside from the biosocial structure design (Timber and Eagly 2012), a separate prospective reason why guys have a tendency to refrain from carrying out feminine-blogged facts ‘s the concern with not regarded as macho enough. Penis is created like service and you may an anti-womanliness mandate and this discourages dudes getting in products and therefore is actually female and you may communal such childcare and you will home-based functions (Bosson and you can Vandello 2013; Caswell ainsi que al. 2014; Kosakowska-Berezecka ainsi que al. 2016b; Schneider 2012). Avoiding housework shall be ergo a proven way where dudes compensate for threats on the maleness and steer clear of bad assessment from other neighborhood players who predict men to get macho and you will abstain from female jobs (Caswell et al. 2014; Kosakowska-Berezecka et al. 2016b). Thus, male lovers do not take-up adequate display of gendered home loans, which will enable it to be women becoming a great deal more apparent on labor b).