The goal of it efforts are to study the effect from breed and you can ages towards egg manufacturing plus the eggs outside and inner high quality when you look at the five Italian twin-goal breeds , in the beginning and some months after than earliest weeks laying hobby that taken place, correspondingly, at the conclusion of summer/beginning of autumn and in cold temperatures, around varying environment standards.
2.step one. Pet and you can Rearing Criteria
Four Italian chicken breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and Robusta Lionata (RL), was basically sensed to the study. Your body pounds from mature lady is actually step one.25 kg for the PP, dos.29 kilogram when you look at the Emergency room and step three.05 kilogram in the RM and you may RL. Their source ‘s the Veneto area (Italy): PP try a classic local reproduce; their source is old back once again to the fresh new XIX century, however, no right study on the its genetic source occur. Others types were created in the Veneto into the 1950s: brand new Er breed originates from Sussex (tinted eggshell breed) and you can Rhode Island (brown eggshell breed) types, whereas into RM and you may RL breeds, Brown Orpington and you may Light America, one or two brownish eggshell types were used . As well as the mature pounds, these breeds disagree in their plumage the color: it is fantastic from inside the PP, Er suggests erminate plumage, RM plumage are mostly white which have black extremities in lots of countries of the looks, black feathers off primaries and you will end and you may RL shows a great tawny plumage having black feathers from primaries and tail. All of the breeds (Figure S1) tell you unmarried brush and lay tinted eggshell egg (Contour S2).
2. Material and techniques
Wild birds of for each and every breed hatched meanwhile (last half of elizabeth ranch of your Hub to possess Poultry Biodiversity Maintenance on the Veneto region (it regularly offers up the latest rearing ones types also as for the egg production to possess incubation and you will brooding), for the North Italy (45°02?53? N), regarding hatching into pubertal age and you may on putting several months, and that been in the prevent regarding june towards start of fall (Shape step 1), depending on the breed. Eating, rearing criteria (photoperiod, temperature) and prophylaxis tips was basically a similar towards the five types, since that time from hatching for the prevent of one’s analyzed months, that was within the , at the 53 weeks old. The brand new recently hatched chicks was basically remaining inside for the basic 4 months away from lifetime, during the an ecological temperature decreasing regarding 32 so you’re able to 24 °C, below infra-purple rays lights, on the litter. On 1.5 days old, the brand new wild birds got free access to backyard areas, from springtime so you can trip and winter season. Each breed (60 hens) had 100 % free entry to outside (5 meters 2 /bird) area (armed with linear drinkers), in which the hens resided non-stop, and also to interior (cuatro hens/yards 2 ) room (wood shavings and straw litter, having perches and you may circular feeders), mainly used having laying eggs (collective nests) and also at evening; the room (interior and backyard) open to for every single breed is divided by netting.
At the beginning of installing (around 22 months of age for the reproduce that have earlier onset of putting), from inside the September–October, with regards to the breed, this new photoperiod was natural and decreasing, according to the season and the geographical standing of the demo route in North Italy (typically, 12L:12D), and for the 2nd several months (regarding 38 months old, off December so you can 53 months old), fake white is actually slowly enhanced (for the interior space, incandescent bulb, in the sixty lux) discover a beneficial photoperiod from 14L:10D. New photoperiod was controlled by a timer, also it was achieved by turning on new light one hour in advance of dawn and turning off it an hour or so after sunset. The fresh new exterior environment heat was 10 ± 3.cuatro °C and you will 11 ± step 3.0 °C, respectively, into the earliest (right away out-of October into the end from November) and 2nd (from the beginning away from January on the avoid out-of February) putting episodes, in the event that study on the give abilities and you can eggs high quality was basically amassed. The latest animals received advertising libitum industrial feeds considering its physiological stage (about three varied commercial nourishes when you look at the broadening several months). For the basic laying stage (26–33 days of age, lower than decreasing absolute photoperiod), in the event that types come putting, the latest wild birds got a professional pelleted sexiga Europe-kvinnor offer (PG = 16%, Myself = eleven.8 MJ/kg, Ca = 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you can maize (PG = nine.1%, Me = thirteen.eight MJ/kg), at the a ratio of 1:step one. It is really worth remembering one, at that many years, just the twin-mission and you can shaded eggshell breeds demonstrated a changeable onset of installing and you will eggs production rate, whereas the hens belonging to the other varieties of the newest Maintenance Heart having Biodiversity and you will hatched at the same time of one’s examined breeds, such as the white eggshell breeds, didn’t initiate laying (Padovana breed) or it demonstrated an incredibly light installing activity (Polverara breed), never achieving the threshold regarding ten% hen–go out egg production. The reason behind the option of the brand new Conservation Hub, never to explore a rss to possess putting hens throughout the this period, was on account of not pressuring the fresh pullets so you can egg manufacturing through the a period which have decreasing temperature and you may photoperiod. The newest wild birds expanded external, under beneficial requirements having skeletal wellness, travelling ground and lower than solar power rays. In the outdoor space for every single breed, the existence of grass open to the fresh wild birds try high throughout the new broadening several months than simply in the onset of laying, which happened following summer-time, when the precipitation was scarce and you can failed to support good turf regrowth. Regarding 38 in order to 53 months of age, and not as much as growing photoperiod, the new hens was basically provided a commercial pelleted feed to have laying (PG = 16%, Me = eleven.5 MJ/kg, Ca = 4.2%, P = 0.6%). Every nourishes consisted mostly from maize and you may soybean.